Stage 2 of 4 · Small studies in people
Rapamycin
Prescription
Extends lifespan in mice. Human studies so far are small.
Stage 2 because 25 published trials and 40 registered trials in people have been found, but no large ones yet.
AvailabilityPrescription, used off-label for aging
The research so far · counted from PubMed
Stage 3 of 4 · Large studies in people
Red light therapy
Device
Small trials for skin, of mixed quality.
Stage 3 because 10 large randomized trials in people for aging or skin and hair have been published.
AvailabilityClinics and home devices
The research so far · counted from PubMed
Stage 4 of 4 · Widely recommended
Metformin
Prescription
Studied for aging mostly through observational data. A large aging trial has been proposed.
Stage 4 because it is FDA-approved to lower blood sugar in type 2 diabetes.
AvailabilityPrescription, approved for diabetes
The research so far · counted from PubMed
Stage 2 of 4 · Small studies in people
Spermidine
Supplement
A natural compound in foods such as wheat germ, soybeans and aged cheese. It is studied for its role in how cells recycle their parts.
Stage 2 because 8 published trials and 38 registered trials in people have been found, but no large ones yet.
AvailabilityOver-the-counter supplement
The research so far · counted from PubMed
Stage 4 of 4 · Widely recommended
Minoxidil
Skin and hair
A medicine for hereditary hair loss.
Stage 4 because it is FDA-approved over the counter to regrow hair on the top of the scalp.
AvailabilityOver the counter (scalp liquid or foam)
The research so far · counted from PubMed
Stage 2 of 4 · Small studies in people
Senolytics
Prescription
Clear results in animals. Early human trials are small.
Stage 2 because 20 published trials and 41 registered trials in people have been found, but no large ones yet.
AvailabilityMostly inside clinical trials
The research so far · counted from PubMed
Stage 2 of 4 · Small studies in people
Resveratrol
Supplement
A compound found in grape skins, red wine and peanuts.
Stage 2 because 27 published trials and 248 registered trials in people have been found, but no large ones yet.
AvailabilityOver-the-counter supplement
The research so far · counted from PubMed
Stage 2 of 4 · Small studies in people
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
Device
Breathing pure oxygen inside a pressurized chamber.
Stage 2 because 6 published trials and 68 registered trials in people have been found, but no large ones yet.
AvailabilityHospitals and private clinics
The research so far · counted from PubMed
Stage 3 of 4 · Large studies in people
Plasma exchange and young plasma
Clinic procedure
Replacing part of the liquid part of the blood (plasma), either with a saline and albumin mix or with plasma from young donors.
Stage 3 because 2 large (phase 3) trials in people for aging, skin and hair or memory and mood have been published.
AvailabilityClinics and clinical trials
The research so far · counted from PubMed
Stage 2 of 4 · Small studies in people
Stem cell therapy
Clinic procedure
Injecting stem cells, or substances made by them such as exosomes, with the aim of repairing or renewing tissue.
Capped at stage 2: the two phase 3 papers this search finds are not trials of stem cells for aging. One builds a frailty score inside a lymphoma trial (PubMed 38982633); the other looks at how a patient's age affects stem cell treatment for heart failure (PubMed 25593053).
AvailabilityClinics, often abroad; clinical trials
The research so far · counted from PubMed
Stage 3 of 4 · Large studies in people
Testosterone therapy
Prescription
Testosterone given as gels, injections or patches to men with low testosterone levels.
Stage 3 because 2 large (phase 3) trials in people for aging, muscles, bones and mobility, memory and mood, the heart and blood sugar or weight have been published.
AvailabilityPrescription
The research so far · counted from PubMed
Stage 2 of 4 · Small studies in people
NAD+ IV and injections
Clinic procedure
NAD+ given by drip into a vein or by injection, instead of as a pill.
Stage 2 because 2 published trials and 146 registered trials in people have been found, but no large ones yet.
AvailabilityClinics and IV wellness centers
The research so far · counted from PubMed